Cocoa学习

我的Cocoa/Cocoa Touch学习笔记

Objective-C中单例模式的实现

单例模式在Cocoa和Cocoa Touch中非常常见。比如这两个,[UIApplication sharedApplication][NSApplication sharedApplication],大家应该都见过。但是我们应该如何在代码中实现一个单例模式呢?

如果你对苹果的文档很熟悉的话,你一定知道,在Cocoa Foundamentals Guide中有一段实现单例模式的示例代码。大致如下:

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/* Singleton.h */
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface Singleton : NSObject
+ (Singleton *)instance;
@end

/* Singleton.m */
#import "Singleton.h"
static Singleton *instance = nil;

@implementation Singleton

+ (Singleton *)instance {
    if (!instance) {
        instance = [[super allocWithZone:NULL] init];
    }
    return instance;
}

+ (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
    return [self instance];
}

- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
    return self;
}

- (id)init {
    if (instance) {
        return instance;
    }
    self = [super init];
    return self;
}

- (id)retain {
    return self;
}

- (oneway void)release {
    // Do nothing
}

- (id)autorelease {
    return self;
}

- (NSUInteger)retainCount {
    return NSUIntegerMax;
}

@end

这是一种很标准的Singleton实现,中规中矩。不过这种实现并不是线程安全的。所以各路大神都各显神威,给出了多种单例模式的实现。

Matt Gallagher在博客中放出了一个Macro,用来实现单例模式。虽然是一个宏定义的代码,但是具体实现还是很清楚的。代码如下:

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//
//  SynthesizeSingleton.h
//  CocoaWithLove
//
//  Created by Matt Gallagher on 20/10/08.
//  Copyright 2009 Matt Gallagher. All rights reserved.
//
//  Permission is given to use this source code file without charge in any
//  project, commercial or otherwise, entirely at your risk, with the condition
//  that any redistribution (in part or whole) of source code must retain
//  this copyright and permission notice. Attribution in compiled projects is
//  appreciated but not required.
//

#define SYNTHESIZE_SINGLETON_FOR_CLASS(classname) \
 \
static classname *shared##classname = nil; \
 \
+ (classname *)shared##classname \
{ \
    @synchronized(self) \
    { \
        if (shared##classname == nil) \
        { \
            shared##classname = [[self alloc] init]; \
        } \
    } \
     \
    return shared##classname; \
} \
 \
+ (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone \
{ \
    @synchronized(self) \
    { \
        if (shared##classname == nil) \
        { \
            shared##classname = [super allocWithZone:zone]; \
            return shared##classname; \
        } \
    } \
     \
    return nil; \
} \
 \
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone \
{ \
    return self; \
} \
 \
- (id)retain \
{ \
    return self; \
} \
 \
- (NSUInteger)retainCount \
{ \
    return NSUIntegerMax; \
} \
 \
- (void)release \
{ \
} \
 \
- (id)autorelease \
{ \
    return self; \
}

然而,eschaton则觉得这些实现都太繁琐了,他给出的实现如下:

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@interface SomeManager : NSObject
+ (id)sharedManager;
@end

/* 非线程安全的实现 */
@implementation SomeManager

+ (id)sharedManager {
    static id sharedManager = nil;

    if (sharedManager == nil) {
        sharedManager = [[self alloc] init];
    }

    return sharedManager;
}
@end

/* 线程安全的实现 */
@implementation SomeManager

static id sharedManager = nil;

+ (void)initialize {
    if (self == [SomeManager class]) {
        sharedManager = [[self alloc] init];
    }
}

+ (id)sharedManager {
    return sharedManager;
}
@end

关于为什么上述代码就能实现单例模式,以及关于线程安全问题的考量,请参考他的博客

最后介绍一个比较现代的单例模式实现。为什么说现代呢?因为这种实现利用了GCD(Grand Central Dispatch)和ARC(Automatic Reference Counting)。核心代码如下:

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+ (id)sharedInstance
{
  static dispatch_once_t pred = 0;
  __strong static id _sharedObject = nil;
  dispatch_once(&pred, ^{
    _sharedObject = [[self alloc] init]; // or some other init method
  });
  return _sharedObject;
}

作者还写了一个宏(gist)来方便使用,大家可以阅读作者的博文A note on Objective-C singletons了解详情。

大多数情况下,Apple官方文档里的单例模式的示例代码实现已经够用了。虽然它最繁琐,但是也是本文介绍的几种单例模式中最容易理解的一个。至于其他的实现就留给读者们根据需要选择和应用了。

(全文完)

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